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Books and Pamphlets
Kodeks Karny Republik Sowieckich Rafal Lemkin
& Tadeusz Kochanowicz. (Warszawa: Wyd. Sem. Prawa kar., 1926); Str.
132 + 4 nlb; Wyd. Sem. Prawa kar. Uniw. J.K. we Lwowie. Tlumacyzli z orinalu;
przy wspoludziale. Dra Ludwika Dworzada, Mgra Zdzislawa Papierkowskiego,
dra Romana Piotrowskiego. Slowo wstepne napisal; prof dr. Juljusz Makarewicz.
[Polish] Criminal Code of the Soviet Republics
(Written with Tadeusz Kochanowski).Warsaw: Edition of the pamphlet of
Penal Law. Published by the seminarium of Criminal Law of University
of Jan Kasimir in Lwow). 132pp. This treatise embraces the historical
evolution of Russian and Soviet Penal Law with special attention to
its most essential legal principles. Includes a translation into Polish
of all 227 articles of the Russian Penal Code of 1922 from the original
in collaboration with Dr. Ludwik Dworzad, Magister Zdzilaw Papierkowski
and Dr. Roman Piotrowski; Preface by Dr. Julian Makarewicz.
Kodeks Karny Rosji Sowieckiej 1927 Przelozyl
i watepem zaopatrzyl; Prezedmowe Napisal Prof. W. Makowski Wydawnictwo
seminarjum prawa karnego Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego Warszawa: Sklad Glowny
w Ksiegarni F. Hoesicka, 1928; 48pp.
[Polish] Criminal Code of Soviet Russia 1927: translation
of all 175 articles and analysis); foreword and introduction provided
by Prof. Waclaw Makowski; Published by the Seminarium of Criminal Law
of the University of Warsaw; Warsaw Main Depository of the Library of
F. Hoesick, 1928); 48pp. On the newly revised Soviet Criminal Code ('methods
of social protection') 'of 1927, which replaced the code of 1922. Waclaw
Makowski was speaker of the Polish Parliament. Lemkin notes the apparent
influence of the admired late 19th-century Italian Positivist School
on the code. Lemkin notes, however, that while the reforms claimed to
be based on the principle of "social protection", the substance
of the code represented no reform at all.
Orgaanisrung Yiddisch Folk, Organizations of the Jewish People,
80pp. Alternate Polish title page "Organizacja Gmin Zydowsjich" Warszawa
1928
[Yiddish] Volume No. 2 of the the Jewish Law Library
published by E. Gitlina, Warsaw. Decrees of the President of the Republic
on arranged legal records by organizations of people of Jewish (Mosaic)
faith and Electoral regulations for People of Jewish Faith - Decrees
on Galicia and in the [Eastern] borderlands.
Kodeks Karny Faszystowski, Italy, Warszawa:
Nakladem Ksiegarni F. Hoesicka, 1929; 138pp.
[Polish]. Fascist Criminal Code, Italy,
legal and sociological analysis. Preface by Waclawa Makowski; Published
by the Library of F. Hoesick, 1929); 138pp. Historical survey of the
Penal Code of the 626 article Italy and analysis of the various Penal
institutions with special consideration of the penal doctrine and discussions
in the Italian Parliament. The book includes the author's criticism
as well as a translation into Polish of the essential parts of the bill.
[Industrial Statutes], Alternate Polish title page "Ustawa Przemyslowa"
193pp.
[Yiddish] Volume No. 3 in the Jewish Law Library published
by E. Gitlina, Warsaw. Statutes [ ] and journeyman
faculties - Decrees on Commentary and pattern.
Ustawa Karna Skarbowa z
dnia z siepina 1926 r. With Jan Karyory Z Dodatkowemi Ustawami,
Rozporzadzeniami I Okolnikami Ministertwa Sprawiedliwosci I Skarbu Oraz
Orzecznictwem Sadu Najwyzszego I Objasnieniami. Warszawa: Nakladem Ksiegarni
F. Hoesicka, 1931; 493pp.
[Polish] The Fiscal Penal Statue of 1926
(written with Jan Koryory, vice president of the Warsaw District Court,
with additional edicts, circulars of the Ministries of Justice and Treasury,
as well as Verdicts and Explanations of the Supreme Court; Published
by the Library of F. Hoesicka); 493pp. A detailed commentary of the
Statute.
Opinje O Projekcie Kodeksu Karnego (with Wlodz
Sokalski) Warszawa: Wydawnictwo "Bibljoteka icza," 1931: 65pp.
[Polish].
Commentary on the Polish Penal Law Project of 1932 (with Wlodz Sokalski)
Warsaw: Published by the "Law Library," 1931); 65pp.
Kodeks Karny: Komentarz (Commentary of the
Polish Penal Law of 1932). Published in cooperation with Emile-Stanislas
Rappaport (and J. Jamontt, professors of law at Warsaw University and
Justices of the Supreme Court of Poland. Two volumes. Warsaw, 1932.
[Polish] (Bill of Minor Offenses). (with Professor
Emile-Stanislas. Rappaport (Judge of the Supreme Court of Poland) ,
became law in July 1932.
Amnestja 1932 r. Komentarz Warsaw: Gebethner
and Wolff, 1932.
[Polish]. Scientific Treatise and Commentaries on the
Statue of 11 November 1932.
Sedzia w obliczu nowoczesnego prawa Karnego i Kryminologji,
Wydawnictwo Instytutu Kryminologicznego Wolnej
Wszechnicy Polskiej. Warsawa 1933.
[Polish]. (The Judge in the Face of Modern Penal Law
Problems and Criminology, Habilitation Work; Warsaw: Warsaw University
Institute for Criminology, 1933. Section A: The Judge's Competencies
Examined from the Standpoint of Legislation and Philosophy, Section
B: Criminological Basis for the Judgment, Section C: Penal Judge's Specialization.
(The psychology and legal limits of the discretionary power of the judge.)
Warsaw: Warsaw University Institute for Criminology, 1933. Note: Lemkin
includes this item, a major work, in later lists of his publication,
but is not known to still exist in any library. A review Izydor Reizler
appeared in Glos Prawa, Vol. XI, Nr. 4-5,
p. 339-340.
Amnestja 1936 r. Komentarz Ustawa z dn. Z
stycznia 1936 r. o amnestji (Dz U. R. P. Nr. 1/36 poz. 1). Komentarze.
Motywy ustawodawcze. Orzecznictwo Sadu Najwyzszego. Okolniki ministerjalne.
Warszawa: Ksiegarna Powszechna, 1936, 80pp.
[Polish] Commentary of the Amnesty Decree
of 1936) Commentary, Legislative Motivations, Opinions
of the Supreme Court, Circulars of the Ministry; Warsaw: General Library,
80pp.
Stawa Karna Skarbowa z dnia z siepina 1937 r.
[Polish] (The Fiscal Penal
Statue of 1937).Third Commentary by Lemkin on Penal Fiscal Statutes,
which were reconsidered twice
Encyklopedji Podrecznej Prawa Karnego - Wyd
Inst. Wyd, "Bibljoteka Polska" w Warzawiej; Warszawa, 1931-1939; Drukiem
Zakladow Grafioznych "Biblioteka Polska" w Bydgoszczy.
[Polish] Encyclopedia of Criminal Law.
27 volumes published between 1931 to 1939.edited by Waclaw Makowski.
Lemkin contributed articles on Criminal Law in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil,
Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, England, Guatemala,
Mexico Peru, the Soviet Union and the United States; Among the longer
entries are "Criminal Law of Soviet Russia: Criminal Code, Criminal
Procedure" (Vol. 25, 1938, 7 pp.) , United States of America "Penal
jurisdiction in the United States of North America (Vol. 27, 1939, 10pp)
Encyclopedia of Finance, Article on "tax evasions"[Polish]
Warsaw, 1936
The Polish Penal Code of 1932 and The Law of Minor Offenses
Translated with Malcolm McDermott. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University
Press, 1939; 95pp.
[English] Translation with Malcolm McDermott (Duke University
Law School) of the 295 article penal code, and the 65 article 'Law of
Minor Offenses'. The Introduction "History of Codification of Penal
Law in Poland," by Raphael Lemkin.pages 7-19, mentions Lemkin's work
a member and secretary of the ten-member committee of the Codification
Commission. Lemkin and one other member E.S. Rappaport had drafted the
text of the 'Law of Minor Offenses' . The introduction describes the
significance of the principle of 'universal repression' provided for
the international offenses in Article 9 (Piracy, Counterfeiting, trade
in slaves and women and children, narcotics, pornography and terrorism)
.
La Regulation des Paiements Internationaux: Traite de droit
compare sur les devises, Les clearing et les accords de paiments, Les
conflicts de lois, Paris: A. Pedone, 1939; 422pp.
[French]. The Regulation of International
Payments. Legal analysis of international business transactions
addressing comparative law of foreign exchange, clearing, barter transactions,
payment agreements, and conflict of laws in international payments.
Preface by Marcel Van Zeeland, director of the Banque de Reglements
Internationaux (B.R.I) in Basel, Switzerland. The book describes the
freedom of international payments from 1923 to 1927, and details the
international movement of governments toward currency exchange control
which occurred in late 1931, early 1932 and later, following the collapse
of the Credit Anstalt Bank in Vienna in 1931. Instead of devaluing their
currencies governments, created such restrictions to keep money from
going out of the country. Poland was one of the last governments to
adopt such controls, by decree of the President in April 1936. Published
late in 1939 after the German and Soviet invasions of Poland and the
onset of World War II. Lemkin reviewed the book in page proofs while
he was a refugee in Lithuania and sent them to Paris for publication.
Valutareglering och Clearing: Bearbetat efter forfattarens
forelasningar vid Stockholms Hogskola hosten 1940. Stockholm:
Kungl. Boktryckeriet. P.A. Norstedt and Soner, 1941; 170pp.
[Swedish]. Based on lectures delivered at Stockholm
University in 1940 and 1941 on the impact of clearing and exchange controls
on conflict of laws the subject of Lemkin's earlier book, La
Regulation des Paiements Internationaux.
Key laws, decrees and regulations issued by the Axis in
occupied Europe. Washington: Board of Economic Warfare,
Blockade and Supply Branch, Reoccupation Division, December 1942. 170pp.
Lemkin's English translation of official German decrees.
Axis
Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation - Analysis of Government -
Proposals for Redress, Washington,
D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1944, 670pp.
Axis Rule in Occupied Europe, published in November
1944, was the first place where the word "genocide" appeared in print.
Raphael Lemkin coined the new word "genocide"
in 1943 as part of his analysis of German occupation policies in Europe.
French translation:
Le
règne de l'Axe en Europe occupée,
Le premier paragraphe de Chapitre IX: " Génocide " de Raphaël Lemkin,
1944. Spanish translation:
Las
Reglas del Eje sobre la Europa Ocupada, Primer
párrafo de Capítulo IX: " Genocide " de Raphael Lemkin, 1944. Translation
by Carlos Mario Molina Arrubla, May 2000
Articles and Reports
presented at Conferences
"Emploi international des moyens capables de faire courir un
danger cummun." rapport à la 4e Conférence internationale
pour l'unification du droir penal), no. 8, 1931, Paris: Librarie du Recueil
Sirey, 1931; 11 pp.
[French] "The international use of means capable of
thwarting a common danger". Report on Terrorism presented to the Fourth
International Conference for the Unification of Penal Law. [add date
of the conference]
"La reforme du droit penal en Chine", Revue de Droit Penal
et de Criminologie, no. 8, July 1932. Reprinted
Paris: Librarie des Juris-Classeurs, 1932, 9pp.
[French]. The Reform of Chinese Penal Law. Comparisons
between ancient Chinese common law and modern Chinese law
"Reue Penitentiare et de Droit Penal et Etudes Criminologiques",
Revue Penitentiare et de Droit Penal et Etudes Criminologiques
(Nos. 4-9, 1932).
[French] The Reform of Penal Law in Czechoslovakia
"Le nouveau Code pénal polonais" Revue de Droit et de Criminologie,
Vol 12, no. 12 (December 1932), p. 1184
[French] translation with Lemkin's comments p. 1184-1190
Roy X styczen-Luty 1933 No. 3.
"Ewolucja wtadzy sedziego Karnejo: Reforma prawa karnejo ndtle stosunko
jednosthi du zbiorowoky" Palestra: Organ Rady Adwokachiej
W. Warszawie..Nr. 3 (March 1933), p. 158-180.
[Polish]the article cites German jurist Kohlrauch on
page 175.
"Des quelles manieres pourrait-on obtenir une meilleure specialisation
du juge penal?"
[French]. "How can we obtain better specialization of
the Penal Judge?" Report presented at the Third Congress of the International
Association for Penal Law, held in Palermo in April 1933.
"Les
actes constituant un danger general (interétatique) consideres
comme delites des droit des gens" Expilications additionelles
au Rapport spécial présentè à la V-me Conférence
pour l'Unification du Droit Penal à Madrid (14-2O.X.1933).
This report Special report presented to the Fifth Conference
for the Unification of Penal Law, held in Madrid, October, 14-20, 1933.was
published by Paris law publisher A. Pedone (13, Rue Soufflot) as part
of the Librarie de la cour d'appel ed de l'order de advocates.
The conference, hosted by Spain was held in collaboration with the Fifth
Committee of the League of Nations. English
translation: "Acts
Constituting a General (Transnational) Danger considered as Crimes under
International Law" Translation by James T.
Fussell. Another version of this report appeared the official conference
proceedings, published in 1935.
"Akte
der Barbarei und des Vandalismus als delicta juris gentium"
(Acts of Barbarism and Vandalism under the Law of Nations), Anwaltsblatt
Internationales, Vienna,Vol. 19, No. 6, (Nov. 1933), p. 117-119
[German] An abbreviated version of the report 'General
(Transnational) Danger' he originally presented in French at the
5th Conference for the Unification of Penal Law in Madrid, Spain in
October 1933. The article was published in Anwaltsblatt Internationales
(Lawyer Gazette International), a legal monthly based in
Vienna, Austria and edited by Dr. Rudolf Braun.
"Przestepstwa, polegajace na wywolaniu niebezpieczenstwa miedzypanstwowego
jako delicta iuris gentium" (wnioski na V Miedzynarodowa Konferencje
Unifikacji Prawa Karnego w Madrycie), Glos Prawa,
Nr, 10, Lwów, pazdziernik 1933 r.
[Polish] This text parallels the German language article
in Anwaltsblatt Internationales, as an abbreviated version of
the report 'General
(Transnational) Danger' he originally presented in French at the
5th Conference for the Unification of Penal Law in Madrid, Spain in
October 1933, appeared in the Voice of the Law, legal journal based
in Lwow. In publishing this text Lemkin responded to his Polish nationalist
critics, who condemned his Madrid Report which was thought to offend
Germany at a time when Polish diplomats were negotiating a non-aggression
pact with Nazi Germany, later signed in January 1934.
"O wprowadzenie ekspertyzy kriminalo-biologicznej do procesu karnego"
Glos Prawa Lwow: Red A. Lutwak, 1934 no. 3.
[Polish]. Crimino-biological experts in penal procedure,
Glos Prawa (The Voice of the Law). This article
appeared in March 1934. Itis notable because it identifies the Author
as an advocate in private practice, instead of as deputy public prosecutor.
"Le terrorisme. Rapportet Projet de textes." Actes de la
Vme Conference Internationale pour l'Unification du Droit Penal.
Madrid. Paris: A. Pedone, 1935; p. 48.
Another version of Lemkin's October 1933 Madrid report
in the official conference proceedings.
"La protection de la paix par le droit penal interne." Revue
Internationale De Droit Penal 15:1 (1938); pp. 95-126.
[French] "Protection of Peace by International Penal
Law." Report presented at the Fourth International Congress of the Association
for Penal Law, held in Paris 26-31 July 1938. Lemkin later cited the
report on page 55 of his 1944 Axis
Rule in Occupied Europe . [check pages 28, 55].
"Revue de jurisprudence at de legislation penale en Polgne" Citta di
Castello, Societ'a tipografica "Leonardo da Vinci"; Estratto dalla La
Guistizia Penale (Rome) 1938; 24 pp.
[Italian] "Review of Polish Penal Code" City of Castello,
Typographical Society's "Leonardo da Vinci"). Extract from La
Guistizia Penale. Beginning in February 1938, Lemkin was
listed as a collaborator with this prestigious Italian Legal Journal.
Italy began adopting anti-Semitic policies in July of that year.
"Role du juge et sa preparation dans la lutte contre la criminalité"
La Giustizia Penale (Rome) 44:1 (October - November
1938), pp. 778-789.
[French] "Role of the judge in the struggle against
criminality and its criminological preparation," a report presented
to the First International Congress on Criminology held in Rome, October
1938.
"Verso una convenzione internazionale per la prevenzione e la repressione
della falsificazione del passporti unificazione delle incriminazioni"
(trad. C. Perris)
[French] "Falsification of Passports as an International
Crime: Towards an International Convention for the Protection of Passports."
Report to the Sixth International Conference for the Unification of
Penal Law, held in Cairo in January 1938.
"Droit penal en matiere de devises : etude de droit compare"
Citta di Castello : Tip. Leonardo da Vinci, 1939, 74 pp.Bibl. di recupero
del pregresso, Biblioteca delle Facolta' di giurisprudenza, lettere e
filosofia dell'Universita' degli studi di Milano
[French]. "The Penal Law for Exchange Restrictions."
A comparative law study, like his French-language book on the same subject
La Regulation des Paiements Internationaux,
this article was published after the German and Soviet invasions of
Poland while Lemkin was a refugee in Lithuania.
"The Legal Framework of Totalitarian Control over Foreign Economies."
Paper (mimeographed), 1941.
[English] Report presented on September 29, 1941in
Indianapolis to the American Bar Association's Section on International
and Comparative Law. Lemkin's paper was not included in the 120 page
pamphlet printed before the conference, see Section of International
and Comparative Law: Selected Papers and Reports... to be presented
at the meeting of the section to be held Sept. 29 - Oct. 1, 1941
(Chicago: American Bar Association, 1941). Lemkin later cited this report
in Axis Rule in Occupied Europe, see pages
31, 55, 59, 229, 644. This item is not known to
still exist in any library.
"Law and Lawyers in European Subjugated Countries," Proceedings
of the Forty-fourth Annual Session of the North Carolina Bar Association,
May 1942, Durham, N.C., 1942, p. 107 -116.
Includes a two-and-half page introduction by North Carolina
Bar Association President Willis Smith which includes some biographical
details about Lemkin (p. 105-107).
"The Treatment of Young Offenders in Continental Europe." Law
and Contemporary Problems 10:4 (Autumn 1942), pp. 748-759.
Comparative study of educational and correctional measures
and juvenile courts in North America and Europe and Soviet Russia. The
journal is a publication of Duke University Law School.
"Orphans of Living Parents: A Comparative Legal and Sociological View,"
Law and Contemporary Problems, Summer 1944,
pp. 834-854.
Paper presented at the Symposium on Children of Divorced
parents.
"Copyright Law and the Author in Nazi Germany", Author's League
Bulletin, Vol. 31, N. 7 (October 1944), p. 15-17.
Discuses how the Nazis used their Reich Chamber of Culture
to control literature and intellectual life while leaving German copyright
law intact.
"The Legal Case Against Hitler" The Nation,
February 24, 1945, p. 205, continued in March 10, 1945, p. 268.
[English] The article summarized for a popular
audience the concepts and proposals Lemkin originally presented in Chapter
9 of Axis
Rule in Occupied Europe. Free World
was a wartime "Non-Partisan Magazine devoted to the United Nations
and Democracy," published in five languages. The article only appeared
in the English language edition.
"Genocide"
American Scholar, Vol. 15, No. 2 (April 1946), p. 227-230
[English] Lemkin used reprints of this article in English
and in French translation extensively at the Nuremberg Tribunal, the
August 1946 Conference of the International Law Association in Cambridge,
the Peace Conference of minor Axis powers in Paris, and at the second
session of the First UN General Assembly in New York at which a Resolution
of Genocide was approved on December 11, 1946. Also reprinted as "Genocide",
Answer, No. 4, # 9, Sept. 1946, p. 7-8. See
also a recent Spanish translation: "Genocidio"
Translation by Carlos Mario Molina Arrubla, August 1999
"Le
crime de génocide" La Documentation Francaise,
24 septembre 1946, Notes Documentaires et Etudes No 417 (Serie Textes
et Documents. - L), Secrétariat D'Etat a la Présidence du
Conseil et a l'Information, Direction de la Documentation 14-16, rue Lord-Byron,
Paris (8e), Service d'Information des Crimes de Guerre.
[French] A translation into French of Lemkin's April
1946 American Scholar article with revisions and additions. Also published
in Revue de Droit International, de Sciences Diplomatiques et Politiques
24 (octobre-décember , 1946): 213-222 and Revue Internationale
de Droit Pénal 17 (1946): 371-386.
Letter to the editor. New York Times, August
26, 1946.
"Genocide
as a Crime under International Law," American
Journal of International Law, Vol. 41, No. 1 (1947), p.145-151
[English] Legal analysis and commentary on the December
11, 1946 General Assembly Resolution.
Letter to the editor. New York Times, February
6, 1947.
Letter to the editor. New York Times, December
20, 1947, p. 8.
Genocide as a Crime under International Law," United Nations
Bulletin, Vol. IV, Jan. 15, 1948
"War Against Genocide; General Assembly of the UN faces problem." Christian
Science Monitor Magazine, Jan. 31, 1948, p. 2; photo.
"Genocide: A Commentary on the Convention." Yale Law Journal,
58 (June 1949), p. 1142-56.
No author is listed on this article. Lemkin was a contributor.
"Genocide Must Be Outlawed: Only 4 Nations of the 20 Required Have
Ratified the UN Convention; Truman is for it, But Senate Hasn't Acted
Yet", National Jewish Monthly (B'nai B'rith), p. 44
"Senate weighs genocide convention." Foreign Policy Bulletin
29 (Jan. 20, 1950), p. 2-3.
"My Battle with Half the World," Chicago Jewish Forum, Winter,
1952.
Letter to the editor. New York Times June
14, 1952, sec. IV, p. 10.
"Is it Genocide?" Anti-Defamation League Bulletin
10:1 (Jan. 1953) 3,8.
A short article (appearing in late January) addressing
Communist persecution of Jews in Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union,
covering the 1948 anti-cosmopolitan campaign, the 1952 Slatsky Trial
in Prague and the January 1953 Doctors Plot in Moscow.
RAPHAEL LEMKIN'S THOUGHTS ON NAZI GENOCIDE Not Guilty? Edited by Steve
Jacobs, Edwin Mellon press, Lewiston, New York, 1992, 408pp.
This previously unknown and untitled manuscript by Raphael
Lemkin was found among the American Jewish Archives. It is a brilliant
summary of those events that culminated in the Nuremberg Trials, from
three vantage points: the legal materials, both arguments and evidence;
the words of the perpetrators of the Shoah, both before and during the
trials, both written and oral; and the words of the victims and survivors.
Sections include: "Background"; "Technique" (`Extermination Through
Living Conditions', `Extermination Through Work',`Torture', `Sterilization',etc.);
"Intent to Kill";"The Legal Basis for Nazi Crimes";"Psychological Reactions";
"Who is Guilty?"' and others.
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